Banking, the bourgeois class, and secular ideals flourished in the growing towns and lent support to the expanding monarchies. A money economy weakened serfdom, and an inquiring spirit stimulated the age of exploration. The transition from the medieval to the modern world was foreshadowed by economic expansion, political centralization, and secularization. Gothic architecture developed most notably in the 12th cent., against a background of the cultural and economic ascendancy of Western Europe. The complex currents, vitality, and religious fervor of medieval culture are evident in the classics of Dante and Chaucer. Thomas Aquinas to Christian doctrine.Ĭhristian values pervaded scholarship and literature, especially Medieval Latin literature, but Provençal literature also reflected Arab influence, and other flourishing medieval literatures, including German literature, Old Norse literature, and Middle English literature, incorporated the materials of pre-Christian traditions. Philosophy, science, and mathematics from the Classical and Hellenistic periods were assimilated into the tenets of the Christian faith and the prevailing philosophy of scholasticism Aristotle, long associated with heresy, was adapted by St. From the Crusades and other sources came contact with Arab culture, which had preserved works of Greek authors whose writings had not survived in Europe. Security and prosperity stimulated intellectual life, newly centered in burgeoning universities (see colleges and universities), which developed under the auspices of the church. Militant religious zeal was expressed in the Crusades, which also stemmed from the growing strength of Europe.
Strong popes, notably Gregory VII, worked for a reinvigorated Europe guided by a centralized church, a goal virtually realized under Innocent III. While some independence from feudal rule was gained by the rising towns (see commune, in medieval history), their system of guilds perpetuated the Christian and medieval spirit of economic life, which stressed the collective entity, disapproved of unregulated competition, and minimized the profit motive. The High Middle AgesĪs Europe entered the period known as the High Middle Ages, the church became the universal and unifying institution. The new framework gained stability from the 11th cent., as the invaders became Christian and settled and as prosperity was created by agricultural innovations, increasing productivity, and population expansion. However, the empire's fragile central authority was shattered by a new wave of invasions, notably those of the Vikings and Magyars.įeudalism, with the manorial system (see also tenure) as its agricultural base, became the typical social and political organization of Europe. The far-flung empire created by Charlemagne illustrated this fusion. culture centered on Christianity had been established it incorporated both Latin traditions and German institutions, such as Germanic laws. Benedict, had the effect of preserving antique learning and missionaries, sent to convert the Germans and other tribes, spread Latin civilization.īy the 8th cent. The papacy gradually gained secular authority monastic communities, generally adhering to the Rule of St. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, Christianity became the standard-bearer of Western civilization. Medieval Europe was far from unified it was a large geographical region divided into smaller and culturally diverse political units that were never totally dominated by any one authority. The term Dark Ages may be more a judgment on the lack of sources for evaluating the period than on the significance of events that transpired. The Dark Ages, formerly a designation for the entire period of the Middle Ages, and later for the period c.450–750, is now usually known as the Early Middle Ages. Beginnings and Cultural DevelopmentsĪlthough the transitions were gradual, and exact dates for the demarcation of the Middle Ages are misleading, convention often places the beginning of the period between the death of the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 395 and the fall of Rome to the Visigoths in 410.
The importance of the Middle Ages has been increasingly recognized as scholarship based on newly published source material, archaeological findings, and studies of demographics and migration patterns presents more accurate and detailed analyses of events and trends. The ideas and institutions of western civilization derive largely from the turbulent events of the Early Middle Ages and the rebirth of culture in the later years.
and lasted into the 15th cent., i.e., into the period of the Renaissance. Middle Ages, period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent.
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